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We’re glad to announce the first release of the Pacific v16.2.0 stable series. There have been a lot of changes across components from the previous Ceph releases, and we advise everyone to go through the release and upgrade notes carefully.

Major Changes from Octopus

General

Redwap Io Id Plus 18 Warning Code

• Cephadm can automatically upgrade an Octopus cluster to Pacific with a single command to start the process.

• Cephadm has improved significantly over the past year, with improved support for RGW (standalone and multisite), and new support for NFS and iSCSI. Most of these changes have already been backported to recent Octopus point releases, but with the Pacific release we will switch to backporting bug fixes only.

• Packages are built for the following distributions:

• CentOS 8
• Ubuntu 20.04 (Focal)
• Ubuntu 18.04 (Bionic)
• Debian Buster
• Container image (based on CentOS 8)

With the exception of Debian Buster, packages and containers are built for both x86_64 and aarch64 (arm64) architectures.

Note that cephadm clusters may work on many other distributions, provided Python 3 and a recent version of Docker or Podman is available to manage containers.

Dashboard

The Dashboard brings improvements in the following management areas:

• Orchestrator/Cephadm:

• Host management: maintenance mode, labels.
• Services: display placement specification.
• OSD: disk replacement, display status of ongoing deletion, and improved health/SMART diagnostics reporting.

• Official mgr ceph api:

• OpenAPI v3 compliant.
• Stability commitment starting from Pacific release.
• Versioned via HTTP Accept header (starting with v1.0).
• Thoroughly tested (>90% coverage and per Pull Request validation).
• Fully documented.

• RGW:

• Multi-site synchronization monitoring.
• Management of multiple RGW daemons and their resources (buckets and users).
• Bucket and user quota usage visualization.
• Improved configuration of S3 tenanted users.

• Security (multiple enhancements and fixes resulting from a pen testing conducted by IBM):

• Account lock-out after a configurable number of failed log-in attempts.
• Improved cookie policies to mitigate XSS/CSRF attacks.
• Reviewed and improved security in HTTP headers.
• Sensitive information reviewed and removed from logs and error messages.
• TLS 1.0 and 1.1 support disabled.
• Debug mode when enabled triggers HEALTH_WARN.

• Pools:

• Improved visualization of replication and erasure coding modes.
• CLAY erasure code plugin supported.

• Alerts and notifications:

• Alert triggered on MTU mismatches in the cluster network.
• Favicon changes according cluster status.

• Other:

• Landing page: improved charts and visualization.
• Telemetry configuration wizard.
• OSDs: management of individual OSD flags.
• RBD: per-RBD image Grafana dashboards.
• CephFS: Dirs and Caps displayed.
• NFS: v4 support only (v3 backward compatibility planned).
• Front-end: Angular 10 update.

RADOS

• Pacific introduces RocksDB sharding, which reduces disk space requirements.
• Ceph now provides QoS between client I/O and background operations via the mclock scheduler.
• The balancer is now on by default in upmap mode to improve distribution of PGs across OSDs.
• The output of ceph -s has been improved to show recovery progress in one progress bar. More detailed progress bars are visible via the ceph progress command.

RBD block storage

• Image live-migration feature has been extended to support external data sources. Images can now be instantly imported from local files, remote files served over HTTP(S) or remote S3 buckets in raw (rbd export v1) or basic qcow and qcow2 formats. Support for rbd export v2 format, advanced QCOW features and rbd export-diff snapshot differentials is expected in future releases.
• Initial support for client-side encryption has been added. This is based on LUKS and in future releases will allow using per-image encryption keys while maintaining snapshot and clone functionality — so that parent image and potentially multiple clone images can be encrypted with different keys.
• A new persistent write-back cache is available. The cache operates in a log-structured manner, providing full point-in-time consistency for the backing image. It should be particularly suitable for PMEM devices.
• A Windows client is now available in the form of librbd.dll and rbd-wnbd (Windows Network Block Device) daemon. It allows mapping, unmapping and manipulating images similar to rbd-nbd.
• librbd API now offers quiesce/unquiesce hooks, allowing for coordinated snapshot creation.

RGW object storage

• Initial support for S3 Select. See s3-select-feature-table for supported queries.
• Bucket notification topics can be configured as persistent, where events are recorded in rados for reliable delivery.
• Bucket notifications can be delivered to SSL-enabled AMQP endpoints.
• Lua scripts can be run during requests and access their metadata.
• SSE-KMS now supports KMIP as a key management service.
• Multisite data logs can now be deployed on cls_fifo to avoid large omap cluster warnings and make their trimming cheaper.

CephFS distributed file system

• The CephFS MDS modifies on-RADOS metadata such that the new format is no longer backwards compatible. It is not possible to downgrade a file system from Pacific (or later) to an older release.
• Multiple file systems in a single Ceph cluster is now stable. New Ceph clusters enable support for multiple file systems by default. Existing clusters must still set the enable_multiple flag on the FS.
• A new mds_autoscalerceph-mgr plugin is available for automatically deploying MDS daemons in response to changes to the max_mds configuration. Expect further enhancements in the future to simplify and automate MDS scaling.
• cephfs-top is a new utility for looking at performance metrics from CephFS clients. It is development preview quality and will have bugs.
• A new snap_scheduleceph-mgr plugin provides a command toolset for scheduling snapshots on a CephFS file system.
• First class NFS gateway support in Ceph is here! It’s now possible to create scale-out (“active-active”) NFS gateway clusters that export CephFS using a few commands. The gateways are deployed via cephadm (or Rook, in the future).
• Multiple active MDS file system scrub is now stable. It is no longer necessary to set max_mds to 1 and wait for non-zero ranks to stop. Scrub commands can only be sent to rank 0: ceph tell mds.:0 scrub start /path ....
• Ephemeral pinning — policy based subtree pinning — is considered stable. mds_export_ephemeral_random and mds_export_ephemeral_distributed now default to true.
• A new cephfs-mirror daemon is available to mirror CephFS file systems to a remote Ceph cluster.
• A Windows client is now available for connecting to CephFS. This is offered through a new ceph-dokan utility which operates via the Dokan userspace API, similar to FUSE.

Upgrading from Octopus or Nautilus

Before starting, make sure your cluster is stable and healthy (no down orrecovering OSDs). (This is optional, but recommended.)

Upgrading cephadm clusters

If your cluster is deployed with cephadm (first introduced in Octopus), thenthe upgrade process is entirely automated. To initiate the upgrade,

The same process is used to upgrade to future minor releases.

Upgrade progress can be monitored with ceph -s (which provides a simpleprogress bar) or more verbosely with

The upgrade can be paused or resumed with

or canceled with

Note that canceling the upgrade simply stops the process; there is no ability todowngrade back to Octopus.

Upgrading non-cephadm clusters

If you cluster is running Octopus (15.2.x), you might choose to first convert it to use cephadm so that the upgrade to Pacific is automated (see above).

• Set the `noout` flag for the duration of the upgrade. (Optional, but recommended.):
  


• Upgrade monitors by installing the new packages and restarting the monitor daemons. For example, on each monitor host,:
  
  Once all monitors are up, verify that the monitor upgrade is complete by looking for the `octopus` string in the mon map. The command:
  
  should report:
  
  If it doesn’t, that implies that one or more monitors hasn’t been upgraded and restarted and/or the quorum does not include all monitors.


• Upgrade ceph-mgr daemons by installing the new packages and restarting all manager daemons. For example, on each manager host,:
  
  Verify the ceph-mgr daemons are running by checking ceph -s
  


• Upgrade all OSDs by installing the new packages and restarting the ceph-osd daemons on all OSD hosts:
  
  Note that if you are upgrading from Nautilus, the first time each OSD starts, it will do a format conversion to improve the accounting for “omap” data. This may take a few minutes to as much as a few hours (for an HDD with lots of omap data). You can disable this automatic conversion with:
  
  You can monitor the progress of the OSD upgrades with the ceph versions or ceph osd versions commands:
  


• Upgrade all CephFS MDS daemons. For each CephFS file system,
  • Disable standby_replay:
    
  
  
  • Reduce the number of ranks to 1. (Make note of the original number of MDS daemons first if you plan to restore it later.):
    
  
  
  • Wait for the cluster to deactivate any non-zero ranks by periodically checking the status:
    
  
  
  • Take all standby MDS daemons offline on the appropriate hosts with:
    
  
  
  • Confirm that only one MDS is online and is rank 0 for your FS:
    
  
  
  • Upgrade the last remaining MDS daemon by installing the new packages and restarting the daemon:
    
  
  
  • Restart all standby MDS daemons that were taken offline:
    
  
  
  • Restore the original value of `max_mds` for the volume:
    
  
  
• Upgrade all radosgw daemons by upgrading packages and restarting daemons on all hosts:
  


• Complete the upgrade by disallowing pre-Pacific OSDs and enabling all new Pacific-only functionality:
  


• If you set noout at the beginning, be sure to clear it with:
  


• Consider transitioning your cluster to use the cephadm deployment and orchestration framework to simplify cluster management and future upgrades.

Post-upgrade

• Verify the cluster is healthy with ceph health. If your CRUSH tunables are older than Hammer, Ceph will now issue a health warning. If you see a health alert to that effect, you can revert this change with:
  
  If Ceph does not complain, however, then we recommend you also switch any existing CRUSH buckets to straw2, which was added back in the Hammer release. If you have any ‘straw’ buckets, this will result in a modest amount of data movement, but generally nothing too severe.:
  
  If there are problems, you can easily revert with:
  
  Moving to ‘straw2’ buckets will unlock a few recent features, like the `crush-compat` `balancer ` mode added back in Luminous.
• If you did not already do so when upgrading from Mimic, we recommened you enable the new v2 network protocol , issue the following command:
  
  This will instruct all monitors that bind to the old default port 6789 for the legacy v1 protocol to also bind to the new 3300 v2 protocol port. To see if all monitors have been updated,:
  
  and verify that each monitor has both a `v2:` and `v1:` address listed.
• Consider enabling the telemetry module to send anonymized usage statistics and crash information to the Ceph upstream developers. To see what would be reported (without actually sending any information to anyone),:
  
  If you are comfortable with the data that is reported, you can opt-in to automatically report the high-level cluster metadata with:
  
  The public dashboard that aggregates Ceph telemetry can be found at https://telemetry-public.ceph.com. For more information about the telemetry module, see the telemetry documentation.

Redwap Io Id Plus 18 Warning Sign

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Upgrade from pre-Nautilus releases (like Mimic or Luminous)

You must first upgrade to Nautilus (14.2.z) or Octopus (15.2.z) before upgrading to Pacific.

Notable Changes

• A new library is available, libcephsqlite. It provides a SQLite Virtual File System (VFS) on top of RADOS. The database and journals are striped over RADOS across multiple objects for virtually unlimited scaling and throughput only limited by the SQLite client. Applications using SQLite may change to the Ceph VFS with minimal changes, usually just by specifying the alternate VFS. We expect the library to be most impactful and useful for applications that were storing state in RADOS omap, especially without striping which limits scalability.
• New bluestore_rocksdb_options_annex config parameter. Complements bluestore_rocksdb_options and allows setting rocksdb options without repeating the existing defaults.
• $pid expansion in config paths like admin_socket will now properly expand to the daemon pid for commands like ceph-mds or ceph-osd. Previously only ceph-fuse/rbd-nbd expanded $pid with the actual daemon pid.
• The allowable options for some `radosgw-admin` commands have been changed.
• mdlog-list, datalog-list, sync-error-list no longer accepts start and end dates, but does accept a single optional start marker.
• mdlog-trim, datalog-trim, sync-error-trim only accept a single marker giving the end of the trimmed range.
• Similarly the date ranges and marker ranges have been removed on the RESTful DATALog and MDLog list and trim operations.
• ceph-volume: The lvm batch subcommand received a major rewrite. This closed a number of bugs and improves usability in terms of size specification and calculation, as well as idempotency behaviour and disk replacement process. Please refer to https://docs.ceph.com/en/latest/ceph-volume/lvm/batch/ for more detailed information.
• Configuration variables for permitted scrub times have changed. The legal values for osd_scrub_begin_hour and osd_scrub_end_hour are 0 – 23. The use of 24 is now illegal. Specifying 0 for both values causes every hour to be allowed. The legal values for osd_scrub_begin_week_day and osd_scrub_end_week_day are 0 – 6. The use of 7 is now illegal. Specifying 0 for both values causes every day of the week to be allowed.
• volume/nfs: Recently “ganesha-” prefix from cluster id and nfs-ganesha common config object was removed, to ensure consistent namespace across different orchestrator backends. Please delete any existing nfs-ganesha clusters prior to upgrading and redeploy new clusters after upgrading to Pacific.
• A new health check, DAEMON_OLD_VERSION, will warn if different versions of Ceph are running on daemons. It will generate a health error if multiple versions are detected. This condition must exist for over mon_warn_older_version_delay (set to 1 week by default) in order for the health condition to be triggered. This allows most upgrades to proceed without falsely seeing the warning. If upgrade is paused for an extended time period, health mute can be used like this ceph health mute DAEMON_OLD_VERSION --sticky. In this case after upgrade has finished use ceph health unmute DAEMON_OLD_VERSION.
• MGR: progress module can now be turned on/off, using the commands: ceph progress on and ceph progress off.
• An AWS-compliant API: “GetTopicAttributes” was added to replace the existing “GetTopic” API. The new API should be used to fetch information about topics used for bucket notifications.
• librbd: The shared, read-only parent cache’s config option immutable_object_cache_watermark now has been updated to property reflect the upper cache utilization before space is reclaimed. The default immutable_object_cache_watermark now is 0.9. If the capacity reaches 90% the daemon will delete cold cache.
• OSD: the option osd_fast_shutdown_notify_mon has been introduced to allow the OSD to notify the monitor it is shutting down even if osd_fast_shutdown is enabled. This helps with the monitor logs on larger clusters, that may get many ‘osd.X reported immediately failed by osd.Y’ messages, and confuse tools.
• The mclock scheduler has been refined. A set of built-in profiles are now available that provide QoS between the internal and external clients of Ceph. To enable the mclock scheduler, set the config option osd_op_queue to mclock_scheduler. The high_client_ops profile is enabled by default, and allocates more OSD bandwidth to external client operations than to internal client operations (such as background recovery and scrubs). Other built-in profiles include high_recovery_ops and balanced. These built-in profiles optimize the QoS provided to clients of mclock scheduler.
• The balancer is now on by default in upmap mode. Since upmap mode requires require_min_compat_client luminous, new clusters will only support luminous and newer clients by default. Existing clusters can enable upmap support by running ceph osd set-require-min-compat-client luminous. It is still possible to turn the balancer off using the ceph balancer off command. In earlier versions, the balancer was included in the always_on_modules list, but needed to be turned on explicitly using the ceph balancer on command.
• Version 2 of the cephx authentication protocol (CEPHX_V2 feature bit) is now required by default. It was introduced in 2018, adding replay attack protection for authorizers and making msgr v1 message signatures stronger (CVE-2018-1128 and CVE-2018-1129). Support is present in Jewel 10.2.11, Luminous 12.2.6, Mimic 13.2.1, Nautilus 14.2.0 and later; upstream kernels 4.9.150, 4.14.86, 4.19 and later; various distribution kernels, in particular CentOS 7.6 and later. To enable older clients, set cephx_require_version and cephx_service_require_version config options to 1.
• blacklist has been replaced with blocklist throughout. The following commands have changed:
• ceph osd blacklist ... are now ceph osd blocklist ...
• ceph osd. dump_blacklist is now ceph osd. dump_blocklist
• The following config options have changed:
• mon osd blacklist default expire is now mon osd blocklist default expire
• mon mds blacklist interval is now mon mds blocklist interval
• mon mgr blacklist interval is now mon mgr blocklist interval
• rbd blacklist on break lock is now rbd blocklist on break lock
• rbd blacklist expire seconds is now rbd blocklist expire seconds
• mds session blacklist on timeout is now mds session blocklist on timeout
• mds session blacklist on evict is now mds session blocklist on evict
• The following librados API calls have changed:
• rados_blacklist_add is now rados_blocklist_add; the former will issue a deprecation warning and be removed in a future release.
• rados.blacklist_add is now rados.blocklist_add in the C++ API.
• The JSON output for the following commands now shows blocklist instead of blacklist:
• ceph osd dump
• ceph osd. dump_blocklist
• Monitors now have config option mon_allow_pool_size_one, which is disabled by default. However, if enabled, user now have to pass the --yes-i-really-mean-it flag to osd pool set size 1, if they are really sure of configuring pool size 1.
• ceph pg #.# list_unfound output has been enhanced to provide might_have_unfound information which indicates which OSDs may contain the unfound objects.
• OSD: A new configuration option osd_compact_on_start has been added which triggers an OSD compaction on start. Setting this option to true and restarting an OSD will result in an offline compaction of the OSD prior to booting.
• OSD: the option named bdev_nvme_retry_count has been removed. Because in SPDK v20.07, there is no easy access to bdev_nvme options, and this option is hardly used, so it was removed.
• Alpine build related script, documentation and test have been removed since the most updated APKBUILD script of Ceph is already included by Alpine Linux’s aports repository.

Thank you Ceph Pacific release contributors:

Sage Weil, Adam C. Emerson, Jason Dillaman, Kefu Chai, Tiago Melo, Yingxin Cheng, Samuel Just, Venky Shankar, Patrick Donnelly, Mahati Chamarthy, Lucian Petrut, Or Ozeri, Yuval Lifshitz, My
kola Golub, Ronen Friedman, Daniel Gryniewicz, Yan, Zheng, Courtney Caldwell, Myoungwon Oh, Igor Fedotov, pcuzner, Xiubo Li, Kiefer Chang, Kotresh HR, Jan Fajerski, Greg Farnum, Rishabh Dav
e, Volker Theile, Alfonso Martínez, Varsha Rao, Casey Bodley, Adam Kupczyk, Anthony D Atri, Yuan Lu, Milind Changire, Simon Gao, Pritha Srivastava, Abhishek Lekshmanan, Zac Dover, Ramana Ra
ja, Michael Fritch, Matt Benjamin, Tatjana Dehler, Stephan Müller, Đặng Minh Dũng, João Eduardo Luís, Shyamsundar R, Marcus Watts, Aashish Sharma, Xiaoyan Li, Abutalib Aghayev, J. Eric Ivan
cich, Enno Gotthold, Robert Sander, Lenz Grimmer, Daniel-Pivonka, David Zafman, chunmei-liu, Xuehan Xu, Ishan Rai, Neha Ojha, David Galloway, Nathan Cutler, Adam King, Patrick Seidensal, Deepika Upadhyay,
Nizamudeen A, Sridhar Seshasayee, Matthew Oliver, Christopher Odom, Sebastian Krah, Juan Miguel Olmo Martínez, Ernesto Puerta, Brad Hubbard, Prateek Sachan, Kalpesh Pandya, Or Friedmann, Ka
moltat Sirivadhna, Shilpa Jagannath, Avan Thakkar, Sidharth Anupkrishnan, Yin Congmin, Jos Collin, Jeff Layton, gal salomon, Douglas Fuller, Prasad Krishnan, Josh Durgin, Ricardo Marques, T
om Schoonjans, Mark Kogan, Kyr Shatskyy, Yanhu Cao, Ma Jianpeng, Guillaume Abrioux, Xinying Song, Mark Nelson, Alin Gabriel Serdean, Fabrizio D Angelo, Mike Latimer, luo rixin, haoyixing, S
ong Weibin, shenhang, WangPengfei, zhengyin, Wencong Wan, Dan Mick, Tim Serong, Dan van der Ster, Abutalib Aghayev, Rodrigo Severo, Zhang Jiao, Amnon Hanuhov, Matthew Oliver, Hang Li, Mark
Houghton, nSedrickm, Satoru Takeuchi, Erqi Chen, zhangjiao, Yang Honggang, Sunny Kumar, Zhang Shaowen, Marc Schoechlin, dorindabassey, Alex Marangone, Georgios Kyratsas, Tarang Sharma, Ziye
Yang, Ulrich Weigand, Andrew Schoen, Alexandre Bruyelles, Avan Thakkar, Willem Jan Withagen, Zhi Zhang, Kinga Karczewska, Sean Fang, Shraddha Agrawal, Insu Jang, Luis Henriques, Marc Garie
py, Tyler, Boris Ranto, Chunsong Feng, Amrita, Ponnuvel Palaniyappan, Thomas Bechtold, fabrizio8, Wong Hoi Sing Edison, Vikhyat Umrao, Prashant D, Chencan, Ali Maredia, wangyunqing, mhacket
t, Yanhu Cao, jhonxue, Shengming Zhang, cao.leilc, Paul Emmerich, Jean henyxia Wasilewski, Yang Honggang, Kaleb S. Keithley, Jacek Suchenia, ghyer, Seena Fallah, Rachana Patel, Kristoffer G
rönlund, JiangYu, wanghongxu, Jianshen Liu, Yaarit Hatuka, Xie Xingguo, Ken Dreyer, Qiaowei Ren, Liu Lan, Michael Wodniok, Aditya Srivastava, Gerald Yang, Cory Snyder, Franck Bui, Duncan Be
llamy, Niels de Vos, Jonas Jelten, Hualong Feng, Andreas Unterkircher, Robin H. Johnson, Dimitri Savineau, Shon Paz, Nizamudeen A, Liao Pingfang, ianwatsonrh, Bryan Stillwell, Anthony D Atr
i, Melissa Li, Zengran Zhang, wanghongxu, hzwuhongsong, Haomai Wang, Dehao Shang, 胡玮文, xuxuehan xuxuehan, Soumya Koduri, Roman Penyaev, Rafał Wądołowski, David Disseldorp, caolei, weixin
wei, Oluf Lorenzen, Mauricio Faria de Oliveira, John Wyatt, John Fulton, Jasper Spaans, Jakub Wilk, Ilsoo Byun, Goutham Pacha Ravi, Zeng JH, Yehu, Wido den Hollander, Vladimir Bashkirtsev,
Tianshan Qu, Nick Janus, John Law, Neal Gompa, Liu Shi, Snow Si, Kinga Karczewska, Kevin Meijer, yuliyang_yewu, Vikhyat Umrao, Matthew Vernon, James Page, Gaurav Sitlani, YuanXin, sepia-liu
, rakeshgm, Josh, James Cheng, Harley Gorrell, Hans Bogert, clyso, Benoît Knecht, Xingyi Wu, Mike Christie, Jarett DeAngelis, Aleksei Gutikov, ZhenLiu94, Yuri Weinstein, Yunfei Guan, Shun S
ong, Paul Dee, Daniël Vos, Daniel Vos, Alexander Sushko, ahaase-c4u, Wei Qiaomiao, Robin Lee, diwilli, xenago, Taeuk Kim, Ruan Zitao, Manuel Lausch, Ludwig Nussel, lijiaxu, Kajetan Janiak,
jrshiqi, Janne Johansson, Ivan Jager, Fabian Bonk, Drunkard Zhang, David Turner, Andreas Haase, Yan Jun, SHU Zhenyi, Redick Wang, Luo Runbing, Jerry Pu, Danny Abukalam, Dan Hill, CodingSpid
erFox, Augustinas, zhuo li, ypdai, Yongseok Oh, ylifshit@redhat.com, ybwang0211, Yanfei Xu, Tuan Hoang, Tim, Thomas Serlin, Thomas Goirand, Robbie Williamson, nanquanyuahao, Mitsumasa KONDO
, Mike Perez, Michał Nasiadka, Matthias Bach, Matthew Cengia, Maran Hidskes, Lukas Stockner, Leo Zhang, Junyoung, Sung, jshen28, jinmyeonglee, Jerry Lee, Jeffrey Chu, Jan Fajerski, Iain Buc
law, gk, Florian Florensa, es-gyt, Erwan Velu, Daniel Bevenius, Corey Bryant, Alfredo Sola, Alexey Miasoedov, ahanukov, zhoufeng, peng jiaqi, Luis Henriques, Johannes M. Scheuermann, fanjun
wei, Yuri Weinstein, Yehuda Sadeh, XueYu Bai, Xuehan Xu, Sébastien Han, Sebastian Wagner, Radoslaw Zarzynski, Liu Changcheng, Joshua Schmid, Ilya Dryomov, Eric Jackson, Anurag Bandhu

Immunotherapy with agents stimulating the immune system to act against cancer are now a new standard of care in various cancers as lung cancer and melanoma, but also bladder cancer, kidney cancer and head & neck cancer. However, even though a subset of patients derives long-term benefit from these agents, depending of cancer type still at least half of patients do not respond to these new drugs. Our understanding of possible factors predicting whether a patient might actually benefit from immunotherapy is poor. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are gases exhaled with a person's breath, which are released into the lung from blood and bacteria and therefore can give information about infections as well as inflammation and possibly cancer cells in a person's body. Breath analysis of these VOCs with special devices called electronic noses (eNose) generate a specific electric signals patterns called breathprints. There is early evidence that specific breathprints can actually help to select patients who will be likely to benefit from immunotherapy.

This study is being undertaken in an effort to evaluate breathprint analysis as a potential predicting factor for benefit from immunotherapy, so that treatment selection can further be improved.

This study is designed to help us identify the role of breathprint analysis to better select patients for immunotherapy.